Dialog with K. Loganathan
part-2.2: about the term "Tantrism".
Dialog With K. Loganathan Part-2.2: About the term
"TANTRISM".
Dear Dr. Loganathan,
Hi. To my question about Tantrism, you said in part: "By Tantrism
I mean the Tantiram here and which means ëritualistic practices .like
Puja (offering of flowers) aaraati (showing of light ) towards an icon
(an Idol)
Etymologically this word can be derived ( I think) from ëtar-til-amí taking
back to the Sumerian roots where ëtarí is the given as :ínam-tar-reí and ëtilí
is to live , exist and so forth. So perhaps the original meaning was ìa
practice that would cause the existence (til-am) of the metaphysical essences (
nam-tar) . At the moment there is a degenerate sense to Tantiram in Tamil ;
skill, strategy , a trick etc. that may be related to this."
Polat Kaya (Note: My response in this paper is in "purple"):
This definition of Tantrism explains only some of the activities being done
during the rituals of "Tantrism". However it does not give an
understanding of the real meaning of Tantrism. We must know why we are
offering flowers and to whom we are doing all of these things and whose
"icon" is it that we are facing. None of these are defined.
The term "ICON" said to be etymologically from Greek
"eikön" meaning a pictorial representation of a deity, a conventional
religious image painted on small wooden panels. This so called Greek word
is actually two usurped Turkish words. Greek word "Eikön" when separated
as "EI + KÖN" consists of the Turkish words "AI (AY) + GÜN"
meaning "Moon + Sun". Since very ancient times, the Turanians
have worshipped both the Sun and the Moon together with the creator Sky-God
(Gok Tanri) as their deities. Their icons were kept in the temples.
Greeks evidently took the older Turkish names of these Sky-deities and
joined them together and made the word "EIKON" for themselves.
Now, if those believers of Tantrism face an "icon" and offer flowers
and other things to it, it must be a carryover from the much earlier Turanian
practice of worshipping the Sun and the Moon and The Sky-God and making
offerings and sacrifices etc. to their icons. The Turkish words Ay and
Gün, meaning "moon" and "sun", being embedded in the term
"icon" (ei-kön) verifies this. Thus in its origin, an
"icon" is a representation of ancient Turanian religious culture
based on "AY" (moon) and "GÜN" (Sun) deities.
You said: "So
perhaps the original meaning was ìa practice that would cause the existence
(til-am) of the metaphysical essences ( nam-tar)" where
you defined two words: One is "TIL-AM" meaning "existence"
and the other being "NAM-TAR" meaning "metaphysical
essences".
These terms are significant. The word "TIL-AM" can be taken as
Turkish "TILEM" (DILEM) meaning "I am tongue, I am word, I am
language, I am speech". Turkish "TIL" (DIL) means
"tongue" and language". This is similar to the Turkish
word "AGUZ" meaning "mouth and speech". The suffix
"-AM" is the verbal ending meaning "I am". This Turkish
suffix has been usurped into English language as in "I am". The
"Word", that is, Tr. "Söz", enables all concepts to live by
giving "names" to them. In other words, if a concept is not given a
"name", it cannot be identified distinctly and therefore cannot
"live", just like if a person is not named in some way, he cannot be
identified. Thus, "TIL-AM" or "TIL" (DIL) provides
"existence" to concepts of all kinds.
The second term "NAM-TAR" comes into the picture. But this word
is the Turkish word "NAMTUR" (NAMDUR, NAMDIR) meaning "it is
name". Turkish word "NAM" means "name".
"Nam" is a word that gives a lable to a concept and/or to an
entity. Thus, a given name, which is a "word", makes each item
or concept distinct from others. This "name giving to concepts" has
been personified in the ancient Turkish culture by the name "DEDE
KORKUT" in OGUZ epic stories.
Thus when we identify these Sumerian and/or Tamil terms with such clarity in
Turkish they become extremely important. Without this Turkish connection,
your explanation regarding the etymology of the word "Tantrism"
being from Sumerian or Tamil sources is not convincing.
Related to Tantrism, I have the following definition from URL:
http://www.santosha.com/moksha/tantrism1.html [6]
TANTRISM: "Tantrism, then,
is an occult or esoteric tradition comprised of arcane disciplines. This means
that its teachings are secret or "hidden" and cannot, or at least
should not, be divulged to the uninitiated. Indeed, traditionally, the Tantric
initiates were sworn to secrecy."
Of course the question begs, why all the secrecy? What is it that they want to
keep secret? Keeping things secret from the public view raises the
suspicion that something strange, dishonest or not truthful is going on behind
closed doors. This also reminds us of other secretive groups, that is,
namely "the cabalists". Even the name
"CABAL" is taken from Turkish "KAPALI" meaning
"closed, secret, not open to the public". Secrecy associated with
such activities is an indication that the cult operators were cooking something
that was untruthful or illegal where the public was the subject of
exploitation. It is a fact that these kinds of secret activities are
generally designed for the exploitation of people.
Some other sources in the internet [7] also
give the definition saying that: "While some sects have
developed from the Vedic tradition that have separated themselves from the
Hindu religion, such asJainism,
Saivism, Tantrism, and,
even in and important sense, Buddhism,
all, nonetheless, adhere to certain common beliefs and most worship the same
gods embodied within the Vedic tradition."
In view of all this, Tantrism boils down to "an
occult" or an "esoteric tradition" comprised of arcane
disciplines like the names JAINISM and SAIVISM. It
must be noted here that the English language suffix "ISM" terminating
these names is in fact the restructured Turkish word "ISMI" meaning
"its name". Thus it is again an usurpation from Turkish. Now
let us examine the terms Jainism and Saivism.
By definition,"Jainism is defined as a religion of India originating in
the 6th century B. C. and teaching liberation of Soul by right knowledge, right
faith, and right conduct." [8] This
is all very well except that when we rearrange the term JAINISM
letter-by-letter as "JAN-ISMI" and read it phonetically as in
Turkish, we find that it is a form of Turkish expression "CAN ISMI"
meaning "its name is Life and Soul". It is clear that this
ancient Indian religion JAINISM of the 6th century B.C. was based on the
Turkish words "CAN" meaning "soul" and
"life" and "ISMI" along with the associated Turkish culture
that goes with these words. The letter J in "JAN" is a replacement
for Turkish letter "C" in "CAN" which has the same sound as
English "J". In ancient times, there was no letter J. It
is an invention of recent times.
Similarly, the name "Saivism" is defined as a major Hindu sect
devoted to the cult of SIVA which
is defined as: "[from
Sanskrit Siva, meaning properly, friendly, auspicious] One of the supreme
deities of Hinduism, when regarded as one member of the Hindu triad,
representing the principle of destruction and also the reproductive or
restoring power." [9]
If the term "Saivism" was really based on the name SIVA, then the
term "SAIVISM" should have been called "SIVAISM", but it is
not. So something seems amiss here. When the name SAIVISM is rearranged
as "SAV-ISMI", it turns out to be the restructured form of Turkish
expression "SEV ISMI" meaning "its name is love,
friendliness". The Turkish word "SEV" from verb
"sevmek" means "to love, to be friendly". This is the same
meaning attributed to SIVA. The name SIVA is the restructured Turkish word
"SAVI" (SEVI) meaning "love", "being sincere and friendly",
"being open and honest". In spite of this meaning of "love and
friendliness", it is odd that SIVA is also regarded as the "god of
destruction" which is the total opposite of its "love" and
"friendliness" aspect. Something seems to be out of place here.
Irrespective of this odd situation, it is clear that the term
"SAIVISM" is made up from Turkish words "SEV" +
"ISMI" or "SEVI"+ "ISMI".
In the same way when we rearrange the term TANTRISM letter-by-letter as
"TANRI-SMT", and read it phonetically as in Turkish, it is found that
the term TANTRISM is a restructured form of the Turkish expression "TANRI
ISMITI" meaning "It is the name of God (Tanri)" referring to the
ancient Turanian Sky-God known by the Turkish name "TANRI, TENGRI, TENGIR,
TANGARA" and others. Of course, the name Tanri (God) is at the
centre of any religion or "esoteric tradition". Thus it becomes clear
that in the name "TANTRISM", two Turkish words and a suffix have been
restructured and fuzed together. So again, Turkish is at the roots of
these names.
Yet "Tantrism" is also defined under the entry of
"tantra" as: "one of the later Hindu or Buddhist
scriptures dealing especially with techniques and rituals including meditative
and sexual practices" [10]
It is clear from the definitions of these "secretive" teachings that
words of the ancient Turkish language and the religious concepts of the
ancient Turkish civilization have been used in a disguised manner as titles for
cults in the Indian sub-continent - just like the Greek Aryans (Arayans) did in
their Greek language. Ancient Turkish words and culture have been ecretly
used in mystifying titles for these cults. But yet the tenets or
principles of these secretive cults could not be told to initiates by their
founders. And indeed, it is said that traditionally, the Tantric initiates were
sworn to secrecy. This is a positive indication that some, if not all, of
these cults were mainly designed to exploit trusting people.
All of this is a verification of how influential Turkish was in the formation
of the names of many sects and cults in the sub-continent of India and also in
the formation of the Sanskrit language - just like in the manufacture of the
other Indo-European languages.
In some sources "TANTRISM" is defined as follows: "The
word "Tantrism"
is of the Sanskrit origin, from the word ³tantra² meaning "action".
Tantrism implies active religious practice as opposed to mere faith." In
other words, this religion requires actual paarticipation of the newly joined client
into the secretive acts of the cult and also make sure that no aspect of the
activities are told to anyone.
The Random House Dictionary [11] gives
the following definition under "tantra". "1. Hinduism,
any of several books of esoteric doctrine regarding rituals, disciplines,
meditatin, etc., composed in the form of dialogs between Shiva and his Shakti;
Agama. 2. Also called Tantrism, the philosophy
or doctrine of these books, regarding the changing, visible world as the
creative dance or play of the divine mother andregarding enlightenment as the
realization of the essential oneness of one's self and of the visible world
with Shiva-Shakti, the Godhead: influential in some schools of Mahayana
Buddhism. [from Sanskrit : lit. warp, escence < tanoti he
weaves]."
In this definition the Sanskrit word "tantra"
seems to be very much a restructured form of a number of Turkish words and
phrases which are similar in structure. They are;
1) "TANTRA", when rearranged as "TANRAT", is a form
of Turkish expression:
a) "TANRI ATA" meaning "God Father",
b) "TANRI ATI" (TANRI ADI) meaning "its name is God"
c) "TANRITI" meaning "it is God".
2) "TANTRA", when rearranged as "ARATNT", is a form of
Turkish word:
a) "yARATANTI" meaning "it is creator";
b) "ARATANTI" meaning "it makes one to search".
3) "TANTRA", when rearranged as "ATANTR", is a form of
Turkish word:
a) "ATANTUR" meaning "it is your father, creator";
b) "ETENTUR" ("EDENDIR", yapandir) meaning "it is creator, it is maker, it is doer".
c) "ITENTUR" ("itendir") meaning "it is pusher, it is mover". "Pushing" (Tr. "itme" from verb "itmek" meaning "to push") excerts the force that creates "motion".
Additionally, the word "Tantrism" has been derived from Turkish
expression "TANRITI ISMI" meaning "its name is God". And
thus the concept behind Tantrism and consequently the name "RIG VEDA"
are again related to the ancient Turanian "TANRI" concept, its
religious implications and the Turkish language.
In view of these Turkic background definitions, it is clear that the term
"TANTRISM" is a name for activities that deal with the concept of
"God", that is, perhaps "understanding the God (Tanri) concept.
At least this is the external impression one gets from the terms Tantra and
Tantrism, but what goes on behind closed doors is anybodies guess.
In your explanation you also used the term "temple
worship". It is not clear to me how the "temple worship" is
made? Why would temples be the subject of worshipping? Temples are
made for deities and the worshipping of deities occurs inside the temple.
The temple "building" itself is not "worshipped' as
your explanation implies. Or did you really want to mean something else?
This term is rather confusing.
- In your writing, the name
"vedas" seems to mean "document" or "manuscripts"
or "writings". Additionally, they are said to be "hymns",
that is, praising a "god". Is this a correct understanding of the
word "vedas"?
Loga
All are correct in a way. When you enter into a linguistic analysis , the Vedas are texts, literary documents, manuscripts etc. . where we isolate the linguistic aspects bracketing off the others. When you look into the literary structure they are ëhymnsî chanted and so forth. I believe these are not contradictory but rather complementary to each other . Each way of accessing the Vedas bring out some aspects and may go into understanding the Vedas. However I also believe a FULL understanding may be elusive as the cadence in recitations of it bring out semantics of intonations and which may escape the analytical mind. But this is NOT peculiar to the Vedas. I have also heard the same being said by Muslim scholars who claim that the FULL meaning of the Koranic verses will come out only when chanted (?) appropriately. I have also been told the Teveram Hymns have to be SUNG with the raga or musical notes specified to understand the full range of meanings.
I am in agreement with this statement.
For, general interest, I am posting below: 1:1:1-9, as translated in Rg Vedic Samhita, for the benefit of our Turkish friends.
1.001.01 I glorify Agni, the high priest of the sacrifice, the divine, the ministrant, who presents the oblation (to the gods), and is the possessor of great wealth. [Agni = purohita, the priest who superintends family rites; or, he is one of the sacred fires in which oblations are first (pura) offered (hita); deva: a god, the bright, shining, radiant; fr. div, to shine; or, one who abides in the sky or heaven (dyusha_na); or, liberal, donor (in the sense of giving); r.tvij = a ministering priest, he is also the hota_ (Aitareya Bra_hman.a 3.14), the priest who presents the oblation or who invokes or summons the deities to the ceremony; fr. hu, to sacrifice; or, fr. hve, to call; ratnadha_tama: lit. holder of jewels; ratna = wealth in general; figurately, reward of religious rites].
1.001.02 May that Agni who is to be celebrated by both ancient and modern sages conduct the gods hither. [pu_rva and nu_tana, former and recent are terms appled to r.s.is or sages; former r.s.is are: Bhr.gu, An:giras; they are also termed praja_patis (Vis.n.u Pura_n.a)]
1.001.03 Through Agni the worshiper obtains that affluence which increases day by day, which is the source of fame and multiplier of mankind.
1.001.04 Agni, the unobstructed sacrifice of which you are on every side the protector, assuredly reaches the gods. [Adhvaram yajn~m, free from injury or interruption; 'on every side': fires at a sacrifice are lighted at four cardinal points:
1.001.05 May Agni, the presenter of oblations, the attainer of knowledge, he who is true, renowned, and divine, come hither with the gods. [kavi-kratu: one by whom either knowledge or religious acts (kratu) are acquired or performed
1.001.06 Whatever good you may, Agni, bestow upon the giver (of the oblation), that verily, An:giras shall revert to you. [An:giras = an:ga_ra, a live coal (Nirukta 3.17); 'the coals became the An:girasas', ye an:ga_ra_h a_sanste an:giraso abhavan (Aitareya Bra_hman.a 3.34); the legend: (Maha_bha_rata, Vanaparvan, Vol. II) Ma_rkand.eya tells Yudhis.t.hira, when the latter asks, "How is it that while Agni, went too the forest and ceased his functions; yet, An:giras became Agni to convey the oblations to gods? How is it that Agni, who is one, becomes many?" Agni, says Ma_rkan.d.eya, engaged in penance and relinquished his duties; Muni An:giras took upon himself the office of Agni. When he prevailed upon Agni to resume his office, the latter became his son; his descendants, the An:girasas,therefore are also the descendants of Agni, or so many Agnis, or fires. The fires are enumerated at length, explained as personification of light, of luminous bodies, of divisions of time, of celestial phenomena, and fires adapted to peculiar occasions (full-moon, changes in phases of moon or to particular rites, as'vamedha, ra_jasu_ya, pa_ka yajn~as (sacrifices with food), obsequial and funeral fires, expiatory fires). A further legend is told: FirstAgni is called Saha, who hid himself in the ocean to avoid the approach of Niyata, the son of Bharata, the fire of the funeral pile. The text says, 'through fear'; Sa_yan.a adds: either through fear of being rendered impure by his contact, or being ashamed of his relationship, Niyata being his own grandson. When gods came looking for Agni, the latter designated as his substitute, Atharvan, also called An:giras].
NOTE: In Ram Varmha's writing above I highlighted some
of the names and expressions to standout and be seen easily.
ATHARVAN ==> "HAN-AATUR" "HAN AyATUR" meaning
"He is the Moon" referring to ancient Turanian AY-TANRI (Moon God);
or "HAN TUR-O" meaning "He is Lord TUR the creator
Sky-God".
From Ram Varmha's examples, the term "an:giras", when rearranged
letter-by-letter as "GISARAN", is the restructured and disguised
Turkish expression "GISARAN" ("KIZARAN) meaning "that
which becomes red" referring to the "SUN" again. The Sun
becomes "red" as it sets in the evening and it resembles a red hot
burning "coal" (Tr. gara/kara kömür). The Turkish expression
"GISARAN" ("KIZARAN) also describes coal that becomes "live
red hot" in the fire.
Of course the term "an:giras" is also a restructured form of the
Turkish expression "GARA-SIN" meaning "You are 'black".
In ancient Semitic and Aryan (Arayan) language, "SIN" is the
name given to "MOON". In this context, "GARA-SIN"
means "Black Moon" which is the "black", that is, the
"invisible" phase of the moon. This concept constitutes the
basic belief of the ancient Aryan religions. That is why, as Ram varmha
points out above in the expression: "How
is it that while Agni, went too the forest and ceased his functions; yet, An:giras became Agni to
convey the oblations to gods?". In plain
language, this allegorical talk tells us that the ancient Aryan priests
replaced the ancient Turanian SUN-GOD, that is, Turkish "GÜN-HAN"
which is converted into "AGNI" in Hinduism, with the "BLACK
MOON", that is, Turkish "GARA/KARA-AY HAN) as bases for their
religions. The Semites also did the same alterations, thus the very ancient
Turanian Turkic Sun-God religion which was totally open and true religion was
replaced with new secretive religions. We note that the "Gara-Ay
Han" (Black Moon) becomes a "reddened", that is, lighted up
"Full Moon" under the rays of the sun as the moon travells around the
earth. In the above allegorical story, "Black Moon" is
likened to "black coal" (Tr. "Gara-kömür") which becomes
"red hot" as it gets heated in the fire.
Thus it is clear that these ancient Aryan priests, when they were writing
religious texts, they were actually talking in riddles in a very secretive
ways.
1.001.07We approach you, Agni, with reverential homage in our thoughts, daily, both morning and evening.
1.001.08 You, the radiant, the protector of sacrifice, the constant illuminator of truth, increasing in your own dwelling.
1.001.09 Agni, be to us easy of access, as is a father to his son; be ever present with us for our good
>>>>>>>>>
Polat Kaya: I discussed some of these in my response
entitled "Dialog with K. Loganathan Part-2.1: about the word
"Rig-Veda"
In the above example Vedic sayings, AGNI, the Sun-God, (from Turkish
"GÜN" meaning "sun") is being described and praised.
The term "DEVA" when rearranged as "VD+AE", where V=U,
becomes "UD +AE", which is Turkish "UD + AY" (OD AY)
meaning "Fire (Sun) and Moon" both of which are "DEV"
(giant) entities. Turkish "DEV' means "giant". In Semitic
the term "DAVUD" (David) is also from Turkish "DEV + UD"
(DEV OD) meaning "giant fire" which again refers to "Sun".
It makes perfect sense for "DAVID" to have a star as its
icon - because DAVID (DEV-OD) is the Sun - which is itself a "STAR" -
but these are all Turkish (Turanian) in origin.
The Sanskrit term "PURA" meaning "first" is from Turkish
expression "PIR O" meaning "He/She/It is ONE" or
"He/she/it is first". Thus "BIR-O" (PIR-O) is the
name of the ancient Turanian creator Sky-God. The creator Sky-God is
always the "first one" since by concept, there was nothing else
except Him in creating the universe.
AGNI being the same as "PUROHITA" is also meaningful. PUROHITA when
rearranged as "PIR-O-HUTA" is the Turkish expression "PIR O
ATA" meaning "Only He is the Father" (only He is the creator).
In our solar system the SUN is the only creator. Sun is GÜN in
Turkish. So is AGNI which is another form of Turkish GÜN.
"PIR-O-HUTA" can also be explained with the Turkish expression
"PIR-O OT-O (UTU)" meaning "Only He is That-Fire" or
"Only He is the UTU" referring to the Sun God.
The name HUDA or HUTA as a name for "God" in Persian and Urdu
languages is nothing but the restructured and disguised form of ancient
Turanian Turkic (Sumerian) "ATA" (Sky-Father-God) and "UTU"
(Sun-God).
a) Since "VEDAS" are texts, literary documents, manuscripts and also
hymns, then I see the following Turkish words in the term VEDAS.
a1) The term VEDAS, with V=Y, and rearranged as "YASED", is Turkish
word "YAZID" (Yazit) meaning "texts, literary documents,
manuscripts ".
a2) In the form "VEDA" meaning "hymn" it is a form of
"OVÜDÜ" meaning "it is praising".
Thus in view of these, the term VEDA or VEDAS is explainable in Turkish and has
linguistic kinship to Turkish.
b) In Hinduism, AGNI is a personification of a "fire" concept. That
concept is the Sun and thus the "Sun-God". We have the following
excerpt from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda: [12] It
says: "Agni
is cognate with Latin 'ignis' and Russian 'ogon', both meaning
"fire". "[Ref. 4 Wikipedia]. From this reference, we
can see that Sanskrit AGNI is a restructured form of Turkish "GÜN
O" meaning "it is Sun", "it is day", "it is
light". In another posting I also noted that the Indian god GANESHA
was an altered form of the Turkish name GÜNESH" meaning "Sun".
Latin IGNIS, when rearranged as "GINIS" is the restructured form of
Turkish "GÜNES" where S=Sh meaning "Sun". And
finally, the Russian word "OGON" meaning "fire" is
from Turkish "O GUN" (O GÜN) meaning "It is sun" and Sun is
a giant "fire". Similarly, in Russian ODIN means "God".
But ODIN has two aspects to be noted: in one, ODIN is a form of Turkish
expression "O DIN" meaning "it is religion" indicating that
ODIN is something that makes the essence of "religion" and also means
"He/She/it is religion". Turkish word "O", meaning
"He/She/It", is a name for the Sky-God and also means "it
is". Additionally, ODIN in the form OD-IN" is a form of Turkish
"OD-EN" (OD-HAN) meaning "Lord Fire" which refers to the
Sun (GÜN).
Thus all of these examples clearly show that Turkish was the "proto"
(Tr. "birata") language for all the so-called Indo-European
languages.
"Some of the names of gods and goddesses found in the Rig-Veda are found
amongst other Indo-European peoples as well: Dyaus is cognate with Greek Zeus,
Latin Jupiter, and Germanic Tyr, while Mitra is cognate with Persian Mithra and
Ushas with Greek Eos, Latin Aurora and, less certainly, Varuna with Greek
Uranos."
Rig Veda term DYAUS meaning "god" is also made up
from Turkish words. It is from: a) "aDY AUS" (ADI AUS) meaning
"its name is Oguz the God"; b) "Its name is mouth" the
speech maker; and "DAYUSh" (deyish) meaning "speech".
Thus, DYAUS has its origin in Turkish - just like Zeus.
Greek ZEUS is from Turkish "SÖZ" meaning "word, speech,
language"
Similarly the Latin name JUPITER, when rearranged as "TUR-PEJI" where
J = Y, is from Turkish "TUR BEYI" meaning "Lord TUR" the God,
and as "U-PIJ-TER" is from Turkish "O BEY DER" (O Bey
söyler) meaning "That lord speaks", thus referring to
"mouth" (AGUZ).
Germanic TYR is from Turkish TUR for the name of the Sky God, and also
from Turkish "TeYiR" (deyir, diyor) meaning "it speaks"
referring to "AGUZ".
Rig Veda term MITRA is from Turkish "TIRAM" (DERIM) meaning "I
say, I speak, I am mouth" and also TAMRI/TANRI with N/M alphabetic shift,
meaning "god'
Persian MITHRA, when rearranged as "TIARHM" is from Turkish
"DIYERIM" meaning "I say, I speak" defining
"mouth" (aguz); and when MITHRA is rearranged as
"THAMRI", it is from Turkish "TANRI" meaning
"god".
Rig Veda term AGNI (=> "GIN-A") is from Turkish "GÜN O"
meaning "it is Sun".
Thus I have shown that all of these Indo-European words were made by altering
and restructuring Turkish words and phrases contrary to known knowledge.
Turkish was the original language from which many other languages sprang
from - particularly Indo-European and Semitic languages.
REFERENCES:
6. http://www.santosha.com/moksha/tantrism1.html
7. http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/v/vedas.html
8. Webster's 9th Collegiate Dictionary,
1991, p. 646.
9. Webster's Collegiate Dict., 1947, p. 930.
eskisi///////
10. Webster's 9th Collegiate Dictionary, 1991, p. 1206
11. The Random House Dictionary of the Englsh language,
Random House,
New York, 1967, p. 1453.
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda
Best wishes to all,
Polat Kaya
Will continue in "dialog with K. Loganathan Part-2.3.